Resilience and Vulnerability: The Haouz Earthquake's Effect on Housing In The Western High Atlas of Morocco
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53824/ijddi.v4i1.64Keywords:
Western High Atlas Region, Geologically, Tectonically Active Area, Seismic RisksAbstract
This article delves into the vulnerability of traditional dwellings and cluster housing in the Western High Atlas region of Morocco, highlighting the major challenges they face during earthquakes. These houses, often built with natural materials such as earth, stone and wood, reveal structural limitations in the face of nature's relentless forces. More specifically, the article looks at the devastating Al Haouz earthquake of 2023, which marked the region's history as the most powerful earthquake in over a century. It left behind a tragic legacy of loss of life and considerable material damage. This underlines the imperative of understanding the seismic risks to which these traditional dwellings are exposed, particularly in a culturally and geologically rich and tectonically active region. The article goes beyond simply identifying the problems, highlighting the considerable efforts made by the government and civil society to rebuild and prepare the region for similar disasters in the future. It also highlights the need to strengthen the resilience of these traditional dwellings and to reconsider building standards to better cope with seismic risks.
References
Abdelouhed, F., Ahmed, A., & Zouhair, O. (2021). Extraction And Analysis Of Geological Lineaments By Combining ASTER-GDEM And Landsat 8 Image Data In The Central High Atlas Of Morocco. Natural Hazards, 111, 1907–1929 doi : 10.1007/S11069-021-05122-9
Agrawal, N., Gupta, L., Dixit, J., & Dash, S. K. (2023). Seismic risk assessment for the North Eastern Region of India by integrating seismic hazard and social vulnerability. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 8(1), 102–132. doi : 10.1080/23789689.2022.2133764
Al-Abbasy, H., & Eid, M. (2022). Land Allocation Policies Of National Housing Programs And Projects: Proposals And Implementation Mechanisms For Housing Lands In New Cities In Egypt. International Journal Of Sustainable Development & Planning, 17(1), 195-205. doi : 10.18280/ijsdp.170119.
Atillah, A., El Hadani, D., Moudni, H., Lesne, O., Renou, C., Mangin, A., & Rouffi, F. (2011). Tsunami vulnerability and damage assessment in the coastal area of Rabat and Salé, Morocco. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11(12), 3397–3414. doi : 10.5194/nhess-11-3397-2011
Baglioni, E., Mecca, S., Rovero, L., & Tonietti, U. (2013). Traditional Building Techniques Of The Drâa Valley (Morocco). Digitar - Revista Digital De Arqueologia Arquitectura E Artes, 1, 9. doi : 10.14195/2182-844X_1_9
Bouatmani, R., Medina, F., & Hoepffner, C. (2003). Thin-Skin Tectonics In The Essaouira Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco): Evidence From Seismic Interpretation And Modelling. Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 37(1-2), 133-144. doi : 10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00084-8
Caprino, A., Puliero, S., Lorenzoni, F., Floris, M., & da Porto, F. (2023). Satellite SAR Interferometry and On-Site Traditional SHM to Monitor the Post-Earthquake Behavior of the Civic Tower in L’Aquila (Abruzzo Region, Italy). Remote Sensing, 15(6), 1–16. doi : 10.3390/rs15061587
Clementucci, R., Ballato, P., Siame, L., Fox, M., Lanari, R., Sembroni, A., Faccenna, C., Yaaqoub, A., & Essaifi, A. (2023). Surface Uplift and Topographic Rejuvenation of a Tectonically Inactive Range: Insights From the Anti-Atlas and the Siroua Massif (Morocco). Tectonics, 42(2), 11–27. doi : 10.1029/2022TC007383
Cornée, J. J., Tayebi, M., & Havlicek, V. (1987). Découverte De Saccogonum Cf. Saccatum, Brachiopode Du Cambrien (Supérieur?), Dans Le Haut-Atlas Occidental (Maroc). Conséquences Stratigraphiques Et Structurales. Geobios, 20(4), 517-527. doi : 10.1016/S0016-6995(87)80084-0.
Cowie, P. (1997). Cracks In The Earth's Surface. Physics World, 10 (2) 3. doi : 10.1088/2058-7058/10/2/25
Dalgic, K. D., Gulen, B., Liu, Y., Acikgoz, S., Burd, H., Marasli, M., & Ilki, A. (2023). Masonry buildings subjected to settlements: Half-scale testing, detailed measurements, and insights into behaviour. Engineering Structures, 278(1), 115233. doi : 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115233
Dias, R., Hadani, M., Machado, I. L., Adnane, N., Hendaq, Y., Madih, K., & Matos, C. (2011). Variscan Structural Evolution Of The Western High Atlas And The Haouz Plain (Morocco). Journal Of African Earth Sciences, 61(4), 331-342. doi : 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.07.002.
Edoardo, G. L. (2019). Learning From The Douar: Michel Écochard And The Modern Invention Of The Semi-Rural Moroccan Habitat. History, 63, 12. doi : 10.1051/shsconf/20196304002
Elkaichi, A., Errami, E., & Patel, N. (2024). International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks Canyons as potential geotourism attractions of central High Atlas , Morocco : Comparative analysis of Aït Bouguemaz valley and Zaouiat Ahnsal-Taghia valley by using GAM model. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 12(1), 20–36. doi : 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2024.01.001
Gorji Azandariani, M., Gorji Azandariani, A., Rousta, A. M., & Malek Nia, H. (2023). Seismic fragility assessment of reinforced concrete moment frames retrofitted with strongback braced system. Results in Engineering, 20(9), 101504. doi : 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101504
Gil-Piqueras, T., & Rodríguez-Navarro, P. (2021). Tradition And Sustainability In Vernacular Architecture Of Southeast Morocco. Sustainability, 13(2), 684. doi : 10.3390/Su13020684
Groshans, G., Mikhailova, E., Post, C., Schlautman, M., Carbajales-Dale, P., & Payne, K. (2019). Digital story map learning for STEM disciplines. Education Sciences, 9(2), 1–17. doi : 10.3390/educsci9020075
Imane Lechheb. (2023). Morocco Steadfast In Hosting IMF And World Bank Meetings In Marrakech. Hespress English – Morocco News. https://en.hespress.com/71082-morocco-steadfast-in-hosting-imf-and-world-bank-meetings-in-marrakech.html.
Ilmen, S., Alansari, A., Baidada, B., Maacha, L., & Bajddi, A. (2016). Minerals Of The Ag–Bi–Cu–Pb–S System From The Amensif Carbonate-Replacement Deposit (Western High Atlas, Morocco). Journal Of Geochemical Exploration, 161, 85-97. doi : 10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.11.008
Inoh, H., Tayebi, M., & Rajji, A. (2022). Contribution Of Remote Sensing And GIS To Identify The Potential Area For Artificial Recharge In Fractured Area In The Talmakent Region, Western High Atlas, Morocco. Journal Of Environmental and Agricultural Studies, 3(1), 24-36. doi : 10.32996/jeas.2022.3.1.3
Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Adams, B., Adewale, I. D., Agunbiade, F. O., Akinyemi, M. I., Archer, E., Badru, F. A., Barnett, J., Bishop, I. J., Di Lorenzo, M., Estrela, P., Faraway, J., Fasona, M. J., Fayomi, S. A., Feil, E. J., Hyatt, L. J., Irewale, A. T., Kjeldsen, T., Lasisi, A. K. S., … Yinka-Banjo, C. O. (2022). Wastewater-based epidemiology in hazard forecasting and early-warning systems for global health risks. Environment International, 161(10), 35–44. doi : 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107143
Khalloufi, H., Zaifri, M., Kadri, M., Benlahbib, A., Kaghat, F. Z., & Azough, A. (2023). El-FnaVR: An Immersive Virtual Reality Representation of Jemaa El-Fna in Marrakech for Intangible Cultural Heritage Experiences. IEEE Access, 12(1), 9331–9349. doi : 10.1109/access.2023.3347195
Konty Idir EL, Ahmed, A., & Fatiha, H. (2021). The Contribution Of GIS And Remote Sensing For Mapping Fracture Networks In The Northern Border Western High Atlas Marrakech (Morocco). Disaster Advances, 15(1), 61-70. doi : 10.25303/1501da6170
Lamrani Alaoui, A., Amrani, A.-I., Mousavi Ajarostaghi, S.S., Saffari Pour, M., Salhi, J.-E., Daoudia, A., & Halimi, M. (2023). An Investigation Towards Optimizing The Construction Materials And Configurations Of Buildings For Improving Energy Efficiency And Consumption In Morocco. Buildings, 13(7), 1705. doi : 10.3390/buildings13071705
Louz, E., Rais, J., Ait Barka, A., Nadem, S., & Barakat, A. (2022). Geological heritage of the Taguelft syncline (M’Goun Geopark): Inventory, assessment, and promotion for geotourism development (Central High Atlas, Morocco). International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 10(2), 218–239. doi : 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2022.04.002
Montanari, B. (2013). The Future Of Agriculture In The High Atlas Mountains Of Morocco: The Need To Integrate Traditional Ecological Knowledge. In M. Wachowski (Ed.). The Future Of Mountain Agriculture. Springer, 81-95. doi : 10.1007/978-3-642-33584-65
Maglio, M., Montuori, R., Nastri, E., & Piluso, V. (2022). Critical discussion of DC2 design rules for MR-Frames in the framework of the prEN1998 draft. Procedia Structural Integrity, 44(1), 550–557. doi : 10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.072
Marasco, S., Kammouh, O., & Cimellaro, G. P. (2022). Disaster resilience quantification of communities: A risk-based approach. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 70(12), 102778. doi : 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102778
Mavrouli, M., Mavroulis, S., Lekkas, E., & Tsakris, A. (2023). The Impact of Earthquakes on Public Health: A Narrative Review of Infectious Diseases in the Post-Disaster Period Aiming to Disaster Risk Reduction. Microorganisms, 11(2), 1–38. doi : 10.3390/microorganisms11020419
Mitchell, L. J., Williamson, B. J., & Masden, E. A. (2024). Methods for highlighting ecological monitoring needs in data-sparse regions a case study of impact assessment for multi-component infrastructure installations. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105(1), 107433. doi : 10.1016/j.eiar.2024.107433
Mosa’ab Elshamy And Sam Metz. (2023). Responders Dig For Bodies In Moroccan Mountain Villages Devastated By Last Week's Earthquake. Associated Press Spectrum News. https://apnews.com/article/morocco-earthquake-international-rescue-crews-775ea447648078cd33c5d1c3d95eda0c
Moşteanu, N. R. (2023). Adapting to the Unpredictable : Building Resilience for Business Continuity in an Ever-Changing Landscape Abstract. Resilience. 2(1), 454–457. doi : 10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(1).37
Moujane, A., Outourakhte, A., Gharnit, Y., Ouigmane, A., Boulli, A., & Ouhammou, A. (2023). Geographical distribution of the Thuriferous juniper (Juniperus thurifera L.) and the influencing factors in the Atlas Mountains of Azilal (Central High Atlas, Morocco). Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 1(1), 1–13. doi : 10.1080/24749508.2023.2203281
Mowll, R., Anderson, M. J., Logan, T. M., Becker, J. S., Wotherspoon, L. M., Stewart, C., Johnston, D., & Neely, D. (2024). A new mapping tool to visualise critical infrastructure levels of service following a major earthquake. Progress in Disaster Science, 21(2024), 100312. doi : 10.1016/j.pdisas.2024.100312
Nafeh, A. M. B., Beldjoudi, H., Yelles, A. K., & Monteiro, R. (2020). Development of a seismic social vulnerability model for northern Algeria. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 50(5), 101821. doi : 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101821
Perez, N., Teixell, A., & Stockli, D. (2019). Reconstructing Extensional Basin Architecture And Provenance In The Marrakech High Atlas Of Morocco: Implications For Rift Basins And Inversion Tectonics. Tectonics, 38(5), 1584-1608. doi : 10.1029/2018TC005413
Quaglini, V., Bruschi, E., Pettorruso, C., & Sartori, M. (2023). Design and experimental assessment of a novel damper with high endurance to seismic loads. Procedia Structural Integrity, 44(1), 1451–1457. doi : 10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.186
Rafferty, J. P. (2023). Morocco Earthquake Of 2023. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com /event/morocco-earthquake-of-2023
Rahmouni, N., & Saizen, I. (2023). Planning And Governance In A Postcolonial Context: A Historical Institutionalist Approach to Land Use Planning in Morocco. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 47(3), 405–424. doi : 10.1111/1468-2427.13167
Rikuto, D., Christopher, G., Bradak, B., Saputra, A., & Hadmoko, D. S. (2022). Predisposition Factor of Safety of Landslide Dams from Typhoon Talas, Kii Peninsula, Japan. Forum Geografi, 36(2), 91–98. doi : 10.23917/forgeo.v36i2.20668
Rodríguez-Navarro, P., & Gil Piqueras, T. (2018). Preservation Strategies For Southern Morocco’s At-Risk Built Heritage. Buildings, 8(2), 16. doi : 10.3390/Buildings8020016
Stanturf, J. A., & Mansourian, S. (2020). Forest landscape restoration: State of play: FLR. Royal Society Open Science, 7(12), 1–47. doi : 10.1098/rsos.201218
Teixell, A., Arboleya, M. L., Julivert, M., & Charroud, M. (2003). Tectonic shortening and topography in the central High Atlas (Morocco). Tectonics, 22(5), 1-8. doi : 10.1029/2002TC001460
Wen, J., Li, X., & Zhu, Y. (2023). Improved seismic risk evaluation for high-voltage switchgear equipment: A copula-based framework considering joint failure modes. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 694–716. doi : 10.1002/eqe.4041
Widodo, S., Istiawati, N. F., & Lestari, M. A. (2023). Local Wisdom of the Tradition of Pantauan Bunting in the Besemah Tribe in Lahat Regency. Forum Geografi, 37(1), 24–34. doi : 10.23917/forgeo.v37i1.19494
Yeck, W. L., Hatem, A. E., Goldberg, D. E., Barnhart, W. D., Thompson Jobe, J. A., Shelly, D. R., Villaseñor, A., Benz, H. M., & Earle, P. S. (2023). Rapid Source Characterization Of The 2023 6.8 Al Haouz, Morocco, Earthquake. The Seismic Record, 3(4), 357–366. doi : 10.1785/0320230040
Zakian, P., & Kaveh, A. (2023). Seismic design optimization of engineering structures: a comprehensive review. Acta Mechanica, 234(4), 1305–1330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00707-022-03470-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hamza Ait Zamzami, Mohammed Elaanzouli, Jamila Saidi, Taieb Boumeaza
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
